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51.
Although ecological researchers consistently find high rates of crime and violence within socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, there is little consensus as to why this pattern exists. To address this question, we use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n=12,747) to examine three related research questions. Are neighborhood characteristics associated with adolescent violence net of compositional and selection effects? Are neighborhood characteristics associated with adolescents’ exposure to violent and prosocial peers? Does peer exposure mediate the neighborhood characteristics–violence association? Results indicate that across a wide range of neighborhoods, socioeconomic disadvantage is positively related to adolescent violence net of compositional and selection effects. Additionally, neighborhood disadvantage is associated with exposure to violent peers, and peer exposure mediates part of the neighborhood disadvantage–violence association. Joining structural and cultural explanations for violence, our findings suggest that neighborhood disadvantage influences adolescent violence indirectly by increasing opportunities for youth to become involved in violent peer networks. 相似文献
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Dana Marie Bauer 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(2):403-422
With the growth of the biofuel complex, the concept of ‘marginal land’ has emerged as a term commonly associated with the promotion of agrofuels. Remote sensing and other data are used to globally characterize land as marginal based on predominantly biophysical features that render it ‘non-competitive’ for the purpose of commercial food agriculture. This paper explores the limitations of current geospatial technologies in determining whether marginal land is appropriate for bioenergy crops given that (i) people often have intentions behind land use that are not reflected in most routinely collected remote sensing data and (ii) a remote (and spatio-temporally static) characterization of marginality is unable to capture the shifting character of what constitutes marginality in an economic sense and is therefore a non-sequitur for guiding land use decisions on the ground. This paper also explores the latent values embedded in the ontology of a macro-scale ‘marginal land’ land cover class and advances the notion that ‘marginal land’ as an artificial spatial construct serves to re-frame land in a way that neglects socio-ecological processes in order to re-frame it in support of principles based in resource productivism. 相似文献
53.
Dana L. Haynie Richard J. Petts David Maimon Alex R. Piquero 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(3):269-286
Exposure to violence is a serious public health concern that compromises adolescents by affecting their behavior and psychological
well-being. The current study advances knowledge about the consequences of exposure to violence in adolescence by applying
a life course perspective to evaluate the developmental implications of adolescents’ exposure to violence. In particular,
drawing on a sample of 11,949 school-aged adolescents in the U.S., we examine whether exposure to violence in adolescence
is associated with precocious role exits that some adolescents experience. Exposure to violence is conceptualized as including
both direct (i.e., experiencing physical victimization) and indirect exposure (i.e., witnessing others’ victimization). Three
types of direct exposure to violence are examined: street, intimate partner, and family victimization, as well as four types
of indirect exposure including: street, peer, and school violence as well as exposure to family/friend suicide. Using three
waves of longitudinal data from the Add Health Study, we find that exposure to violence is associated with greater risks of
running away from home, dropping out of high school, having a child, attempting suicide, and coming into contact with the
criminal justice system in later adolescence. In addition, risks depend upon the relational context in which the exposure
to violence occurred, risks increase with greater exposure to violence, and risks are, for the most part, highest for those
youth exposed to both indirect and direct violence in adolescence.
Dana L. Haynie is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Ohio State University. She received a Ph.D. in Sociology from the Pennsylvania State University in 1999. Her current research focuses on the social relationships that facilitate delinquent behavior and the developmental implications of exposure to violence. Richard J. Petts is an Assistant Professor at Ball State University. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from The Ohio State University. His main research interest is the intersection of family and religion, and recent work focuses on the influence of family and religion on adolescent well-being. David Maimon is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at the Ohio State University. His research interests include sociological and criminological theories, quantitative research methodologies and behavioral variation in deviance and crime across urban communities. Alex R. Piquero is Professor in the Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland College Park, where he received his Ph.D. in 1996. His research interests include criminal careers, criminological theory, and quantitative research methods. He is co-editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, and Executive Counselor with the American Society of Criminology. 相似文献
Dana L. HaynieEmail: |
Dana L. Haynie is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Ohio State University. She received a Ph.D. in Sociology from the Pennsylvania State University in 1999. Her current research focuses on the social relationships that facilitate delinquent behavior and the developmental implications of exposure to violence. Richard J. Petts is an Assistant Professor at Ball State University. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from The Ohio State University. His main research interest is the intersection of family and religion, and recent work focuses on the influence of family and religion on adolescent well-being. David Maimon is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at the Ohio State University. His research interests include sociological and criminological theories, quantitative research methodologies and behavioral variation in deviance and crime across urban communities. Alex R. Piquero is Professor in the Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland College Park, where he received his Ph.D. in 1996. His research interests include criminal careers, criminological theory, and quantitative research methods. He is co-editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, and Executive Counselor with the American Society of Criminology. 相似文献
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Communicators try to shape public opinion to their advantage by invoking social values. We examine a vivid example of this value framing in the debate over teaching evolution in the public schools. Supporters of intelligent design (ID) theory have pressed for greater acceptance in public schools by framing the issue as a question of fairness. A survey experiment revealed overwhelming agreement that including ID in science class is fairer than excluding it. This belief had a greater impact on tolerance for ID when the issue was framed with respect to fairness. A second study showed similar effects from a pro-ID documentary film. A final study showed that training in scientific reasoning counteracts the impact of the fairness value, thereby decreasing tolerance for ID. Combined, these studies show how political debate can be understood as a contest over which values deserve greatest consideration or emphasis. 相似文献
56.
Laura J. Hickman Claude M. Setodji Lisa H. Jaycox Aaron Kofner Dana Schultz Dionne Barnes-Proby Racine Harris 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2013,9(3):301-331
Objectives
The study tests whether participation in interventions offered by a subset of sites from the National Safe Start Promising Approaches for Children Exposed to Violence initiative improved outcomes for children relative to controls.Methods
The study pools data from the nine Safe Start sites that randomized families to intervention and control groups, using a within-site block randomization strategy based on child age at baseline. Caregiver-reported outcomes, assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months, included caregiver personal problems, caregiver resource problems, parenting stress, child and caregiver victimization, child trauma symptoms, child behavior problems, and social-emotional competence.Results
Results revealed no measurable intervention impact in intent-to-treat analyses at either 6- or 12-month post-baseline. In 6-month as-treated analyses, a medium to high intervention dose was associated with improvement on two measures of child social-emotional competence: cooperation and assertion. Overall, there is no reliable evidence of significant site-to-site effect variability, even in the two cases of significant intervention effect.Conclusions
Since families in both the intervention and control groups received some degree of case management and both groups improved over time, it may be advantageous to explore the potential impacts of crisis and case management separately from mental health interventions. It may be that, on average, children in families whose basic needs are being attended to improve substantially on their own. 相似文献57.
Dana L. Haynie 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2002,18(2):99-134
Although acknowledging the importance of adolescent friendships in the etiology of delinquency, prior studies have yet to provide a detailed examination of the role of actual friendship networks in delinquency. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995–1996), this study's incorporation of friendship networks allows for a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of peer delinquency based on carefully defined networks of adolescent friendships. Findings illustrate that friendship networks are very heterogenous in terms of members' participation in delinquent behavior with the majority of adolescents belonging to networks containing both delinquent and non-delinquent friends. In support of differential association's premise that delinquent behavior is influenced by the ratio of definitions favorable to those unfavorable to law violation (Sutherland, 1947), the proportion of delinquent friends in a respondent's network is most strongly associated with respondents' subsequent delinquency. This relative measure of peer delinquency is preferable to a measure of the absolute level of delinquency occurring by friends, the average delinquency committed by friends, or the absolute number of delinquent friends. Enmeshment in a friendship network where consensus about the appropriateness of delinquency is maximized (i.e., all friends are delinquent or non-delinquent) most effectively constrains the behaviors of network members to resemble the groups' behavior. 相似文献
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